Kashmir: The Gamechanger

by Dr. Aslam Abdullah

It was expected, even though the ruling Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) in its election manifesto in April 2019 had assured the people of Kashmir that it would not change the Article 370 of the constitution that gives them the autonomy. On August 5, ten days before India's 73rd celebration of independence and 69 years and 40 days later India agreed to a United Nations resolution on the right of self-determination for the people of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, one of the 29 states in India was stripped of its statehood and given the status of the eight union territories to be governed by the President with a state elected body having limited powers.

What was done by the BJP as part of its ultimate goal was to ensure that the constitution does not give special privileges to any state.  India initially had given special status in three states, Assam, Nagaland, and Jammu & Kashmir, but eight more were added later and they are Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Tripura, and Uttarakhand. 

Why was Kashmir picked as the first state to be stripped of its special state? 

Kashmir is the major source of tension between India and Pakistan. India has accused Pakistan of fomenting trouble in the Indian side of Kashmir after occupying part of Kashmir known as Azad Kashmir. India believes that the special status granted to Jammu and Kashmir does not empower the union government to take appropriate measures to control the Pakistani influence in the Kashmir valley. India also believes that due to its special status, non-Kashmiris cannot buy land or invest in the state.

But the issue is not related to administrative technicalities or cross border influence. Kashmir occupies a special status in Hinduism. It is believed by the Hindu religious scholars that when Buddhism gained its ground in the Kashmir region, casteism became less prevalent with the exception of the uppermost caste, the Brahmins who resisted the changes. Brahmins of Kashmir are considered the most nobles within the Brahmins of India and they had a special status because of higher positions women held in their community. Islam gained its followers in the seventh century, but it was in the 14th century, when Kashmir became a predominantly Muslim region. It is said that during the reign of the sixth ruler of Shah dynasty known as Shah Miri, known as Sikandar Butshikan, the Hindus were asked to accept Islam or leave the state. Many left the region. Later on, his heir Zainul Abdin is said to have restored Brahmins, their property and those who were forcibly converted to Islam were allowed to return.

The Hindu nationalist organizations, including RSS and BJP, believe that Hindus, especially, belonging to the upper castes were forcibly converted to Islam and it is their duty to facilitate their return to their original religion and ensure that the state is restored to its original Hindu inhabitants. It is this religious fervor that is behind the BJP's latest move in changing the constitution on the issue.

Many Kashmiris believe that the BJP initiative would not stop here. Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent. It includes a larger area that includes the Indian administered territory of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh, the Pakistani-administer territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan and Chinese administered territories of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.  j & K has a population of over 12 million with 70 percent Muslims. 

Many believe that the next step would be to change the demography of the state and the final step would be the reunification of Kashmir. This would infuriate Pakistan and even China with the possibility of increased hostilities leading even to war.

Obviously, in this latest BJP move, the Kashmiri Muslim leadership was kept in the dark. The entire Muslim leadership was detained and Muslim regions were put under curfew. State and universities were closed and the news was not allowed to travel out of the area. This would create more bitterness among Muslims in Kashmir. The ruling party invited the Hindu and Buddhist constituents of the state to discuss the issue, but Muslims were completely kept in the dark. On the contrary, they were given the assurance that nothing dramatic was going to happen. The sense of betrayal is likely to turn more Kashmiri youth to militancy. This situation could be exploited by anyone with a goal to destabilize India.  The BJP believes that it has the mass support of the rest of India for its stand, and it has the right military might control any militancy whether domestic or foreign. Armed with legislation that gives the government a power to detain any individual under the pretext of terrorism, the BJP is confident to sail through the Kashmir controversy. Will it lead to peace in the region, it is a guessing game.

The Lynch Nation

By Dr. Aslam Abdullah

Dalits are considered impure and the filthiest in the hierarchy determined by birth in Hinduism. They have always lived on the periphery of Hindu religion and society. Muslims in India, by and large, are the descendants of Dalits or so-called untouchables who decided to accept Islam as doors leading to dignity in their birth religion were locked.

Now the two communities have become a target of Hindu terrorists who under various pretexts create conditions for an agitated mob to lynch them. The police, representing the ethos of terrorists, record only those incidents captured by someone on cameras. Otherwise, hundreds of such incidents remain unreported and often publicly unheard. The lynching of Dalit is a simple act. Some people belonging to upper caste catch a Dalit under any pretext, false or real, and beat him or her until death. But in Muslim lynching, they add a religious element too. They catch a Muslim, accuse him of stealing, then force him to say Jai Shri Ram and keep on hitting him or her with sticks, stones and knives until death. The number of people lynched during the reign of the current Prime Minister is about 100 reported cases. The unreported incidents may run into thousands.

Most of the upper caste lynchers belong to the Rashtriya Swayam Sangh, Bhartiya Janta Party, Bajrang Dal, Shiv Sena, and Hindu Vishwa Parishad. They are all rooted in an ideology of Hindu supremacy and in the idea that India is primarily from Hindus and only upper castes have a right to rule over India or decide who the rulers should be. They believe that Dalits being part of the filthiest social strata of their society must always be subservient to them. They also believe that current Muslims were Dalits who were forcibly converted to Islam and now it is their obligation to bring them back to their religion, especially when a section of them created a country by the name of Pakistan for itself.

The main reason given by the lynchers for their action is their utmost reverence for cows they consider the mother of Hinduism. They worship him and they see that slaughter of cows of Muslims a direct attack on their religion.

India has banned slaughtering cows but allows the slaughter of buffalo and oxen. But there are states such as Kerala, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura and West Bengal where cow slaughter is not prohibited. Some of these states are controlled by the Hindu nationalist party BJP.

Additionally, India is also the largest beef exporter in the world. As per the report of Export Genius, India is the largest beef exporter in the world followed by Brazil and Australia. It registered an export value of $3,680 million USD by beef exports from the world's output ($19,886 million USD) in 2016. The number is much higher in 2019. Ironically, all the beef exporting companies that operate under Arabic sounding names, are owned by upper-caste Hindus directly or through providers.

The anger of the lynching mob is not directed against the beef exporting countries. Their targets are Muslims and Dalits.

So far, the government of India has not taken any meaningful action against the lynching mobs or their leaders. On the contrary, several senior members of the ruling party have supported the lynchers by facilitating them or honoring them. Only the northern states of Rajasthan and the central state of Madhya Pradesh led by the Congress party have declared lynching a punishable offense. However, even in those states, it is the police that has the power to reject filing an FIR if a case of lynching is brought.

The silence of national political leaders and a great majority of Hindu religious leaders, clearly indicate that lynching is not just a reactionary act, it is a well-planned act to create fear and intimidation in the Muslim and Dalit communities.

The lynching of Muslims and Dalit in India is, ironically, backed by several Hindu supporters of BJP and RSS in the United States. These individuals who may be holding important positions in several India or Hindu related organizations, send millions of dollars annually to Hindu outfits in India that are engaged in promoting hatred. Many people fear that their growing influence in US politics might create conditions like India against Muslims and Dalits in the US.

Muslim organizations are generally silent on this issue all around the world and more so in the United States. None of them has so far taken a strong position or filed any petition on lynching with the State Department of the diplomatic mission of India.

The continued lynching, and the apathy of Muslim organization abroad in general coupled with the increased support for lynchers in the Indian community in the USA point to a dangerous future, a future where a whole community of over 200 million may be subject to genocidal actions by Hindu terrorists.